What is "hard water" in a plumbing context?

Hard water refers to water that contains a high concentration of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium ions. These minerals are typically dissolved as water percolates through soil and rock. In a plumbing context, hard water is significant because it can have various effects on plumbing systems and appliances.

For instance, when hard water is heated, such as in a water heater, it can lead to the formation of scale, which is a buildup of mineral deposits. This scale can impair the efficiency of water heaters, reduce water flow, and lead to increased maintenance and repair costs.

Additionally, hard water can negatively affect soap and detergents, making them less effective by causing soap scum to form, which complicates cleaning tasks. Understanding the characteristics of hard water is essential for effective plumbing management, impacting both the durability of plumbing systems and the quality of water used in daily activities.